The problem of optimal economic operation of hydrothermal electric power systems is solved using powerful Continuation method. While in conventional approach, fixed generation voltages are used to avoid convergence problems, in the proposed algorithm, they are treated as variables so that better solutions can be obtained. The algorithm is tested for a typical 5-bus and 17-bus New Zealand networks. Its capabilities and promising results are assessed.

There has been many methods for calculation and analysis of chemical engineering problems. Number of phases in equilibrium and mole content of each component in existing phases has been one of the most important subjects of research in recent years. Among all conventional methods in phase stability analysis the Michelsen (1982) Stability Analysis method" is of much interest. Regardless of what method(s) is (are) being used for calculation of engineering problems, the key operation is solving the set of generated Equations. Presence of complicated empirical and theoretical equations, which are usually non-linear, mostly leads the solution to multiple roots for dominating set of equations. The conventional mathematical algorithms are not of enough robustness to yield all co-existing roots for these sets of equations. Number of coexisting roots is not predictable. Uncertainty about number of phases in equilibrium is a further problem. Therefore the importance of a robust method to yield all co-existing phases in equilibrium together with the mole contents of each phase is obvious. The idea of this paper is to describe Homotopy Continuation method, as a solution and extend the capability of this method to complex domain.

Voltage security is an important concern in power networks as a result of system heavy loading. In this paper, a new Continuation method is presented. which has three outstanding features for voltage security assessment. In this Continuation method, adaptive step size is applied. For adaptation, a criterion, based on rate of voltage drop, is used. This method can monitor the voltage security status of power systems under various topologies, load levels and generation patterns. Different load and generation scenarios can be analyzed by this method. Also, the proposed Continuation method uses local analysis for evaluation of power system voltage stability after contingency or pre ntive action. The proposed method has been examined on the test system of the New Zealand and Iran's power network. Obtained results confirm the validity of the developed approach. Also, the most vulnerable buses of these test systems have been sorted by a new ranking function. A discussion about this ranking function and its results has been presented.

Separation units are one of the most important parts in the chemical processes, and distillation towers are one of them. In recent years, reactive distillation has received a great attention in optimization of the process and has got a good development. In order to evaluate a reactive distillation system, MESH equations are solved and with the results out of this calculation, composition, temperature, and pressure are evaluated. MESH equations are nonlinear in nature and their solution is very crucial and, therefore, conventional methods are not reliable to solve this system. Therefore, in this work it has been tried to use Homotopy Continuation method to find the solution. Homotopy Continuation can guarantee with any initial guess and it can be applied to other process design problem.

This paper proposes a novel approach to determine optimal location of static synchronous compensator in power system for improving voltage profile, minimizing power system total loss and maximizing system loadability with and without considering generators Mvar limit. An accurate and efficient model for static synchronous compensator in steady state studies is presented and implemented in advanced load flow program with embedded flexible alternating current transmission systems. A simultaneous Genetic Algorithm and Continuation Power Flow was used to determine maximum number of static synchronous compensator's, and steady state stability margin, based on closing to point of voltage collapse. As an important result in this paper we obtain a maximum number of static synchronous compensator beyond which the power system performances such as loadability can not be increased, and hence, increasing loading level leads to static voltage collapse phenomena. A case study and simulation are done on IEEE57 Bus Test System. In Genetic Algorithm optimization procedure the voltage profile flattening, maximizing system loadability and minimizing total loss of power system are used as power system performance Index.

In this article gender stereotyping is to be examined in the greater Tehran area Because of the importance of the subject matter in understanding behavior and attitude of the most people, exploring it seems necessary. The research is a quantitative one. Collecting data took place through survey method in which a questionnaire is distributed among 300 respondents of accidental sample in different districts of Tehran. In the analysis descriptive and interpretive statistics are employed. The main research question was: What are the relevant gender stereotyping? gender stereotyping is moving; are they continuing or rupturing. The findings revealed “kind”, “sensitive”, “dependent”, “emotional”, in order from the most to the milder forms of the feminine characteristics. In contrast "stable', “authoritarian "competent"”, “leadership, “violent”, and “rough, “were indicated as male characteristics, which meant a Continuation of gender stereotyping. Furthermore, the independent variables like gender, age, occupation, income and the residential area did not show any meaningful impact.

Examining the geographical variation of Bakhtiāri and Luri dialects in the southern and western provinces, and present in the common features and characteristics of these Bakhtiari dialects, this article focuses on linguistic change and linguistic maintenance in one of the dialects.There .is a persistent anxiety that as a result of the past development of literacy, technology, mass media, etc the official language cause the decline or death of the regional dialects.This case study in the field of Anthropology and sociology of language investigates the current situation of Bakhtiāri dialect in the city of Masjid Soleiman. By analysing the data collected through the questionnaires, the preserving or declining impacts of various factors are scrutinized.

The future of Islamic Revolution is a complex subject, and certainly a matter with considerable importance which has been hotly debated by those who support or reject the revolution. The major question is what will happen to Islamic Revolution and how it would develop or meet its obstruction in the future.The author presents a discussion on three current attitudes toward the above questions and analyzes the future, considering a comparative and analytical reasoning based on the current events in Iran. The attitudes include unconditional Continuation, unconditional transformation and conditioned Continuation of Islamic Revolution. He thoroughly differentiates between Islamic Revolution and Islamic Republic, and stresses the former being associated with unconditional Continuation and the latter with conditioned Continuation.